Joseph M. Gottfried. Mr. Hutchens. American Government.

Joseph M. Gottfried Mr. Hutchens American Government 17 April 2017 This paper will be about the 1st amendment of the Bill of Rights (Amendment 1-10 of the United States Constitution). Along with talking about the 1st amendment, this paper will include court cases from all five parts of this amendment. The Bill of Rights was approved on September 25, 1789, however, it was not ratified until December 15, 1791. The first ten amendments of the United States Constitution are known as the bill of rights. The Bill of rights was created by, James Madison, because many states wanted to have more individual rights and protection for it’s citizens. All of the amendments of the United States Constitution are very important to us as a country,†¦show more content†¦This concern could also turn bad and become a riot or things of that nature. So in order to keep things peaceful the government will be allowed to limit the freedom of speech of everyone in the United States. The second freedom of the 1st amendment is the freedom of religion. In this co untry there are many groups of people who practice different religions. Along with these practices there are also ceremonies and holidays that go along with these religions. Some religions allow people to miss work, school, etc. because they celebrate their holidays and/or ceremonies together with family, friends, and those of the same faith as them. A great example of this celebration of someone’s religion occurred just a couple days ago. In this specific ceremony people of this particular faith did not eat the entire day and then feasted. It’s funny how people violate a religion different than their own but then when their religion is violated then they get offended. To get mad at someone for violating your religion after you just violated their religion makes them nothing more than hypocrites. Religion is what most people hold dear and take very seriously and to violate their religion because you do not approve of it is just wrong. A court case that deals with relig ion is the Wisconsin v. Yoder court case. In this court case the state of Wisconsin requires children to be enrolled in school until they are 16 years old, however, Jonas Yoder

India Council For Youth Welfare Essay - 1318 Words

BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT PROGRAM ïÆ'Ëœ NAME OF ORGANIZATION; India Council for Youth Welfare ïÆ'Ëœ NAME OF PROGRAM; Youth Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Economic Sustainability ïÆ'Ëœ LOCATION OF PROGRAM; Village Ayrakheda and Kosi in Mathura District, [UP] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ORGANIZATION DETAILS ïÆ'Ëœ Organization Name : India Council for Youth Welfare ïÆ'Ëœ Organization Address : ICYW, 632, Lane no 3, Westend Marg, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh ïÆ'Ëœ Organization Contacts : Ms Sapna Gupta (General Secretary) ïÆ'Ëœ Contact Person for this Program : phone no : 91-11-29533451/52/53, 91-11-29531835 fax no : 91-11-29533732 E.mail : icywinfo.del@crymail.org contact person : Ms Aditi Roy (Project-Officer) phone no : 9716408639 Mr Keshav Raj Kundra (Secretary) VISION AND MISSION OF ORGANIZATION Create opportunities for school dropouts and deprived youth to help them lead productive and socially useful lives. On June 11, 2014, PM Modi had said in his first address in the Lok Sabha that only a graduation certificate is not enough. We need skills. We need to concentrate on skill development. Young people’s participation on the development and employment prospects are essential. Following this the long term development goal, our objective of the program is to contribute to society for the improvement of youth economy and the promotion of youth entrepreneurship. In the current scenario the increase in the youth population is not matched by an increase in job opportunities. The schooling system isShow MoreRelatedChild Marriage Is A Violation Of Human Rights1746 Words   |  7 Pages2011). One third of girls in developing countries are married before turning 18 and one in nine are married before the age of 15 (ICRW, 2006). 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Othello Interpitive Journal 2 Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Othello Interpitive Journal 2 Essay, Research Paper OTHELLO INTERPITIVE JOURNAL 2In act two Othello and others arrive in Cyprus. Iago is still plottingagainst Othello while he tries to destroy Othello s life. He is utilizing othercharters to acquire to Othello. Othello is a really brave, sort andadmirable General. However his kindness is bit by bit taking him intodestruction and confusion. Othello is a adult male who can take control in any state of affairs. Even if the oddsare against him, Othello is a respectful adult male in any state of affairs. Othellohas merely reunited with Desdemona as # 8220 ; net incomes yet to come tween # 8221 ; ( 2.3.12 ) them before they separate once more. Othello is stating Desdemona that eventhe net incomes will non come between them. Othello will agree the net incomes tostay with Desdemona at all costs. Othello will be brave to take control ofhis life. He is strong plenty to halt anyone that he knows is a menace tohim or Desdemona. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Interpitive Journal 2 Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He will state anyone to make as he say s and if they do nothe will give them the warning to # 8220 ; keep, for your lives # 8221 ; ( 2.3.176 ) or theywill be slayed like wild animate beings. Othello takes control in this situationby endangering to stop Cassio and Montano s life if they do non halt theirpetty battle. He shows a great leading strength by taking control ofeveryone s actions. Ohello lets everyone know who is the foreman while beingrespectful and gracious. Othe! llo continues to seek and be nice while he demands Cassio and Montano to # 8221 ; speak # 8221 ; ( 2.3.190 ) and asks # 8220 ; who began this # 8221 ; ( 2.3.190 ) before he decideswho is at mistake and who should be penalized for what is go oning. Hegives everyone a just opportunity to state what they want. He wants to cognize allof the facts before he passes judgement on either one of the work forces involvedin the bash. Othello shows how he can be a great leader even in the worstof state of affairss. He p asses judgement and # 8220 ; Cassio, I love thee, but nevermorebe officer of mine # 8221 ; ( 2.3.264-265 ) is all that Othello has to state. He trieshis best to allow Cassio down easy even though he has merely ended Cassio scareer. This hits Othello every bit hard as it does Cassio because he put almostall of his trust into Cassio to make his responsibility. All of the vitamin E vidence shows how Othello is willing and able to take control of any state of affairs that isthrown upon him, even those that concern some of the people who areclosest to him. Othello is a adult male who puts a batch of trust into everyone. This trustmay lead to his death in his calling and in his life. He puts a batch oftrust into Cassio and Cassio blows this trust by acquiring intoxicated andfighting with Montano. He is loath to inquire Cassio # 8220 ; have you forgotall sense of topographic point and responsibility # 8221 ; ( 2.3.179 ) because of the reply that he mayget. This makes both Cassio and Othello look bad. Othello is Cassio sgeneral and the battle reflects on Othello and how he runs things in hisarmy. Othello still trusts about everyone every bit much as before thebrawl but he should be and doesn Ts even recognize what is truly happeningas # 8220 ; honest Iago # 8221 ; ( 2.3.189 ) is the lone informant to a unusual situationagain. Othello asks Iago # 8220 ; that looks dead with griev ing, speak # 8221 ; ( 2.3.189-190 ) so he knows what has happened in the bash. Othello does notknow that Iago is non even as trust worthy as Cassio is. Iago tells thetruth for the first clip in the book because the truth hurts Cassio more! than prevarications would. Othello merely wants to cognize how everything happened. Hetrusts Iago with everything he owns and loves. It is to bad for him thathe buzzword here what is traveling on in Iagos caput when he say s # 8220 ; I play thevillain, when this advice is free I give # 8221 ; ( 2.3.357 ) because Iagodescribes how he truly is. Othello has no thought the adult male he trusts the mostis the 1 he should contemn the most. Iago is utilizing Othello for his ownpersonal addition and has no compunction foranything he does to him and others foiling his dreams. Othello is usinghis unlawful trust manner and more on his manner to his ain death. All of thisshows how Othello is directing himself into deeper and darker hole that willlead to hi s death. He must larn to swear himself more than others or hewill lose control of all state of affairss that he is to face in the hereafter. Fornow Othello still has control of all state of affairss that are in his appreciation butmust ticker whom he trusts or his death may come in one chap slide withno warning. 342

The Velveteen Rabbit free essay sample

It further explores the progressive and dichotomous nature of what is ostensibly real against what is not. The plot of the Velveteen Rabbit traverses and meanders through various stages of psychological and internal growth counterpoised by declining external appearance, both driven forward by the power of love and acceptance from the Boy. The wisdom from the Skin Horse and the total as well as the final liberation of the Rabbit by the nursery magic Fairy’s wisdom and love, become quintessential. In the beginning, the Rabbit is splendid, ‘it is fat and bunchy, as a rabbit should be†¦ with real thread whiskers†¦ and ear lined with pink sateen†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The eternal and sublime quest becomes, what a â€Å"Real and True Rabbit should be. † This depicts a picture so ‘magnificently charming’ and pleasantly ‘real’ that the Boy loves the Rabbit for at least two hours, until the end of the Christmas festivities when the Rabbit is put away and forgotten thus beginning the period when the Rabbit questions himself, his ‘realness’ and his place in the world or the nursery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Velveteen Rabbit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The personal crisis and conflict the Rabbit proceeds to, is further exacerbated by the environment in the toy cupboard and nursery floor. The Rabbit harbors feelings of insecurity, loneliness and insignificance as the other toys act superior than him, boasting and bragging about their importance and how real they were compared to him. His salvation begins with the friendship and wisdom Skin Horse shows him. In contrast to the young toys, Skin Horse is vibrant and mature, both on the outside and inside; wise, old and tattered. He begins to take the Rabbit on a Socratic journey of self-discovery. He responds quite aptly to the Rabbit’s question, â€Å"What is REAL? † with the profound words, he responds, â€Å"Real isn’t how you are made†¦It’s a thing that happens to you. When a child loves you for a long, long time, not just to play with, but REALLY loves you, then you become Real. † Hence this essay argues that love has transformative power and is at its core, essentially a force for transformation and self-discovery. In addition to answering the Rabbit’s questions about what is Real. Skin Horse expands on the nature and process of Love. He emphasizes to the Rabbit that becoming Real is a process – a painstaking and long process that often hurts and is not for the fragile and thin-skinned. It ages and weathers the beloved although this is immaterial to the one that loves. So becoming Real is a dialogic and symbiotic process between the two – one even though long and hurtful, is ultimately worthwhile and process. In telling the Rabbit, â€Å"†¦Once you are Real you can’t become unreal again. It lasts for always†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Skin Horse is elucidating for the Rabbit, that becoming Real and self-actualized that when one is loved, it is a progressive and never a regressive process. Furthermore, this process entails external and physical demise or ‘death’ which is countered by this psychological resurrection, renewal and growth. The true transformative agency of love and engagement begins in earnest as the Boy starts playing, sleeping and loving the Rabbit after his china dog went missing. This process is the authentic genesis of the Rabbit becoming Real at least to the Boy. Like Skin Horse who talks to and shows appreciation and warmth towards the Rabbit, the Boy in turn, continues where Skin Horse left off. He talks to, plays with, loves and appreciates the Rabbit even as his outward appearance is deteriorating. The Boy’s love eventually exposes and defends the Rabbit’s Realness, when Nana, who does not see the Rabbit as Real says, â€Å"Fancy all that fuss for a toy,† the Boy retorts strongly; â€Å"†¦ He isn’t a toy. He’s REAL! † In return, when the Boy gets scarlet fever, the Rabbit returns all the care, love and compassion he had shown him such that he became Real, thus the tale reaches its literary climax. As the story winds towards the resolution, the remaining elements of becoming and indeed being Real are realized. First, the Rabbit becomes not only Real to the Boy, but to Nana as well, who notices this and exclaims; â€Å"I declare if that old Bunny hasn’t got quite a knowing expression. The ultimate revelation of the Rabbit as Real is however realized when the nursery magic Fairy informs the Rabbit that: â€Å"You were Real to the Boy†¦ because he loved you. Now you shall be real to every one,† thus completing the Rabbit’s journey to becoming Real by making him Real through giving him hind legs or the ability to become part of the group to the wild Rabbit and everyone else. The essence of the transformation therefore is that in the beginning, Real i s visible and in the eye of beholder but ultimate and true Real is, in the end, in the eyes of all who behold the beloved.

Whole Foods Memo free essay sample

In conclusion, a recommendation for Whole Foods Markets, based on the analysis, will be given. Internal Analysis Fundamentals and Core Values of Whole Foods Markets The cornerstone of Whole Food’s strategy is to carry the highest quality, lowest processed-foods, and the most flavorful and natural preserved foods available. Whole Foods deepest purpose is to help support the health, well being, and healing of people (customers, the Whole Foods team, and businesses) and the planet. John Mackey, cofounder and CEO of Whole Foods, attributes the rapid growth and success of Whole Foods to developing and maintaining a uniquely mission-driven company; a company that is highly selective about what is sold, that remains dedicated to its core values and high quality standards, and is committed to sustainable agriculture. Whole Foods wanted to be the international brand for natural and organic foods and be the best food retailer in every community in which Whole Foods Markets were located. We will write a custom essay sample on Whole Foods Memo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The chief elements of Whole Foods strategy are as follows: * Selling the highest quality products. Whole Foods Markets featured 30,000 natural, organic, and gourmet food products and non-food items. In 2007, Whole Foods was the world’s biggest seller of organic produce (comprising 67% of Whole Foods total sales, compared to the 40-50% of sales in other supermarket chains). High quality products included fresh perishables, baked goods, meats, and seafood, which differentiated Whole Foods from other supermarkets and attracted a broader customer base. To uphold a 100% guaranteed satisfaction to Whole Foods customers, Whole Foods had stringent product quality standards and customer commitments: Carefully evaluate each and every product sold. * Feature foods that are free of artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats. * Passionate about great tasting food and the pleasure of sharing it with others. * Commitment to foods that are fresh, wholesome and safe to eat. * Seek out and promote organically grown foods. * Provide food and nutritional produ cts that support health and well being. * Satisfying and delighting customers. Whole Foods Markets places a strong emphasis on satisfying and maintaining a commitment to the customer. As part of its merchandising strategy, Whole Foods wanted to create an inviting and interactive store atmosphere for a fun and pleasurable shopping experience. Whole Foods wanted its customers to view Whole Foods as a â€Å"third place,† third to home and the office. A few Whole Foods stores even offered valet parking, home delivery, and massages! To maintain communication with the customers, Whole Foods stores feature â€Å"take action† centers, where customers could leave feedback and comments. Whole Foods wanted to turn highly satisfied customers into advocates for Whole Foods Markets. Customers could get personal attention in each store department and team members of Whole Foods were knowledgeable and enthusiastic with customers. * Team member happiness and excellence. Whole Foods Markets was founded because its cofounders believed that the natural foods industry was ready for the supermarket format. When the first store opened in 1980, it contained a staff of only 19 people. With this immediate success, the company expanded to 276 stores in 38 states, with teams of 85-600 members per store, and a total of 54,000 by 2008! Whole Foods had a team approach towards its store operations. Having happy employees that helped create happy customers advanced the long-term success of Whole Foods Markets. The team approach promoted strong corporate culture and a work environment where team members could flourish, build a career, and reach their highest potential. Team members are motivated and inspired by Whole Foods’ strategic vision. The process for bringing in a new team member was thorough and the whole team at a store is involved. Team leaders at each store receive a salary and a possible bonus based on EVA (Economic Value Added), a system Whole Foods used to measure performance. In 2004, 86% of employees said they enjoyed their job and 82% felt empowered to do their best work at Whole Foods Markets. Whole Foods Markets offered gain-sharing programs to reward team members according to the store’s contribution to Whole Foods operating profit (additional 5-7% of team members wages). Whole Foods encouraged stock ownership through three programs: A team member stock option plan (based on job performance and length of time employed at Whole Foods), a team member stock purchase plan (based on purchasing stock at 95% of market price), and a team member 401 (k) plan. To maintain high customer service all team members are continuously evaluated and take place in competitions against other Whole Foods Markets in that region. In 2007, around 750 team members were on the EVA-based incentive compensation program. EVA calculations were used to measure profitability and encouraged and motivated team members to succeed. * Creating wealth through profits and growth. As the leader of natural and organic foods in the United States, the management and growth objectives for Whole Foods Markets was to have 400 stores and sales of $12 billion annually by 2010. By 2008 Whole Foods Markets consisted of 276 stores in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. In 2003 Whole Foods Markets became the first national â€Å"certified organic† grocer in the United States and its organic sales were $17 billion in 2006, up 22% from 2005. In 2000 more organic foods were sold in US supermarkets than in natural food stores. Whole Foods struggled to find suppliers to supply all their stores. Whole Foods Markets looked to exceed because consumer demand was growing 20% annually and consumer enthusiasm allowed retailers to have high profit margins. Once Whole Foods became public in 1992 its growth strategy was to expand by opening new stores and acquiring smaller, owner-managed chains. Between 2002-2006, Whole Foods opened 10-15 bigger stores in metropolitan areas. Acquiring Wild Oats natural supermarkets was a big step for Whole Foods and allowed Whole Foods to enter 15 new metro areas and 5 new states. John Mackey believed that the addition would give additional bargaining power, boost utilization of the company’s facilities, and allow expenses to be reduced. (The Wild Oats acquisition will be discussed in further detail later as part of Whole Foods strategy analysis. With the increased costs of growing and marketing natural and organic products (25-75% more than normal foods), prices for natural and organic foods were higher. Whole Foods emphasized this increased price through its strategy of selling premium products at premium prices. Whole Foods was profitable every year except for 2000, in which it had a net loss o f $8. 5 million. It’s net income increased at a compound average rate of 17. 6% yearly between 2003-2007, and reached $182. 7 million in 2007. (A deeper analysis of Whole Foods financial strategy will be discussed later. ) Caring about communities and the environment. As part of Whole Foods motto, Whole Foods emphasized sustainable agriculture and helping the planet. Whole Foods strived to demonstrate social conscience and community citizenship by donating 5% of its after tax profits to non-profit or educational organizations. Whole Foods Green Mission Task Force promoted environmentally safe practices, including Whole Foods switch to biodiesel fuel for its fleet of vehicles. Whole Foods used renewable energy credits to offset its electricity use and in 2005 created a non-profit Animal foundation and a non-profit Whole Planet foundation. Whole Foods participated in the Whole Trade program and the Local Producer Loan Program. As part of being involved with the community and current issues, Whole Foods publicized its position statements on current issues to the public. Strategies of Whole Foods Markets As discussed, the foundations of Whole Foods Markets are built on high quality, customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and community as well as environmental consciousness. Their strategies to maintain these underlying foundations will be discussed and analyzed in the following. * Differentiation strategy. Whole Foods Markets thrive on selling only the highest quality, freshest, and healthiest foods available so that the health and well being of people can be increased and maintained. Whole Foods strategy for doing so is to acquire high quality products from local, national, and international suppliers and to provide the appropriate merchandising mixes and concepts. Although these products must be sold at higher prices because their costs are higher, the value of purchasing these products has a deeper importance and Whole Foods actively emphasizes these reasons. Whole Foods offers healthy recipes and guides to healthy lives in all their stores. Only 0. 5% of revenues are used on advertising (much lower than normal supermarkets), but it is done efficiently and towards the directed audiences. Once â€Å"organic† gained a consistent meaning and was a selling point, the differences in Whole Foods products were clear. The higher nutritional value and gain from natural and organic foods was becoming an increasing trend and Whole Foods had the right mixture and selection to offer. Factors that affected this upward growing trend of natural and organic products included healthier eating patterns, higher concerns about food purity and safety, increasing health trends among many groups, and the positive environmental factors that organics had. In a 2005 Whole Foods survey, 65% of consumers had tried organic foods (an 11% increase from 2004), 27% had consumed more organics than the previous year, and 10% consumed organics several times a week (compared to 7% in 2004). The products Whole Foods offered that contributed towards its high differentiation success from normal supermarkets consisted of the following: (% refer to the categories of organic foods and beverages purchased most frequently by those participating in the survey: * Fresh fruits and vegetables (73%) * Nondairy drinks (32%) * Breads and baked goods (32%) * Dairy products (24. 6%) * Soups and Pastas (22. 2%) * Meats (22. 2%) * Snacks (22. 1%) * Frozen foods (16. 6%) * Ready to eat meals (12. 2%) The higher prices of organic and natural products were the primary barrier for most consumers.

Definition and Examples of Tmesis

Definition and Examples of Tmesis Tmesis is the separation of the parts of a compound word by another word or words, usually for emphasis or comic effect. The adjective form is  tmetic. Related to tmesis is synchesis, the jumbling of word order in an expression. Etymology:  From the Greek, a cutting Pronunciation:  (te-)ME-sis Also Known  As:  infix,  tumbarumba  (Australia) Examples and Observations Abso-friggin-lutely! I said triumphantly as I mentally crossed my fingers. (Victoria Laurie, A Vision of Murder. Signet, 2005)Goodbye, Piccadilly. Farewell, Leicester bloody Square. (James Marsters as Spike in Becoming: Part 2. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 1998)Whoopdee-damn-doo, Bruce thought. At most newspapers, general assignment reporters were newsroom royalty, given the most important stories. At the East Lauderdale Tattler, they were a notch above janitors, and burdened with lowly tasks . . .. (Ken Kaye, Final Revenge. AuthorHouse, 2008)To persuade people to keep watching [the television program Zoo Quest], [David] Attenborough gave the series an objective, a rare animal to pursue: picarthates gymnocephalus, the bald-headed rock crow. He doubted this creature would be alluring enough, but when his cameraman Charles Lagus was driving him down Regent Street in an open-top sports car and a bus driver leaned out of his cab and asked, in a neat piece of tmesis, if he was ever going to catch that Picafartees gymno-bloody-cephalus, he knew it had lodged itself in the public mind. (Joe Moran, Armchair Nation. Profile, 2013) This is not Romeo, hes some other where. (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)In what torn ship soever I embark,That ship shall be my emblemWhat sea soever swallow me, that floodShall be to me an emblem of thy blood. (John Donne, Hymn to Christ, at the Authors Last Going Into Germany)Most often, tmesis is applied to compounds of ever. Which way so ever man refer to it (Milton); that manhow dearly ever parted (Troilus and Cressida 3.3.96); how heinous eer it be,/To win thy after-love I pardon thee (Richard II 5.3.34). However, the syllable of any word can be separated: Oh so lovely sitting abso-blooming-lutely still (A. Lerner and F. Lowe, My Fair Lady). Or See his windlilycockslaced (G.M. Hopkins, Harry Ploughman). Tmesis is also commonly used in terms of British slang, such as hoo-bloody-ray. (A. Quinn, Tmesis. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, ed. by T. Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996)Its a sort of long cocktailhe got the formula off a barman in Marrakesh or some-bloody-where . (Kingsley Amis, Take a Girl Like You, 1960) I did summon up the courage to poke a camera through Terry Adamss front gate last year, only to be met with a minders greeting: Why dont you leave us a-f-ing-lone. I wonder if the brute was aware of his use of tmesis, the insertion of one word into another? (Martin Brunt, How Terror Has Changed the Crime Beat. The Guardian, Nov. 26, 2007)old age sticksup KeepOffsigns) youth yanks themdown(oldagecries NoTres) (pas)youth laughs(singold agescolds Forbidden StopMustnt Dont) youth goesright ongrowing old(E.E. Cummings, old age sticks)Gideon [Kent] knew [Joseph] Pulitzer, of course. He admired the publishers insistence that his paper never become the captive of any group or political party. Indegoddamnpendent was Pulitzers unique way of putting it. (John Jakes, The Americans. Nelson Doubleday, 1980) Tmetic Rhythms When you insert a word for emphasis- be it fricking, bleeping, something ruder, or something less rude- you cant just stick it any old where. We know this because abso-freaking-lutely is fine but ab-freaking-solutely or absolute-freaking-ly is not. Whether its in a word, a phrase, or a name- you stick the emphatic addition right before a stressed syllable, usually the syllable with the strongest stress, and most often the last stressed syllable. What were doing, in prosodic terms, is inserting a foot. . . . When it comes to sticking these extra feet in, we normally break the word or phrase according to the rhythm of what were inserting. To be or not to be, that is the question is thought of as iambic pentameter, but you wont break it between iambs if your interrupting foot is a trochee: To be or not to bleeping be, not To be or not bleeping to be . . . But if its an iamb? To be or not the heck to be, not To be or not to the heck be. Look, these are rude, interrupting words. Theyre breaking in and wrecking the structure. Thats the freaking point. But they still do it with a rhythmic feeling. (James Harbeck, Why Linguists Freak Out About Absofreakinglutely. The Week, December 11, 2014) The Split Infinitive as Tmesis A split infinitive has been elsewhere defined as a type of syntactic tmesis in which a word, especially an adverb, occurs between to and the infinitival form of a verb. Different labels have been used to name this particular ordering of English, spiked adverb or cleft infinitive among others, but the term split infinitive has eventually superseded all its predecessors (Smith 1959: 270).  (Javier Calle-Martin and Antonio Miranda-Garcia, On the Use of Split Infinitives in English. Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments, ed. by Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Rodopi, 2009)

Kashmir conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kashmir conflict - Essay Example Muslim Pashtun tribesmen from Pakistan took to regularly raiding into Kashmir. The Maharaja was ill equipped to respond and India refused to intervene until Kashmir agreed to annexation. The Maharaja â€Å"eventually decided to accede to India, signing over key powers to the Indian government – in return for military aid and a promised referendum.†5 When Indian troops entered the Kashmir, Pakistan invaded to ‘defend’ Kashmiri autonomy. The result was the first India-Pakistan War, fought in and over the Kashmir. It ended on New Year’s Day, 1949 when the United Nations brokered a cease-fire agreement and dispatched a peacekeeping force to the region.6 Map 1: Kashmir Remarkably, this cease-fire was tenuously maintained through fifteen years of â€Å"unending artillery duels and annual clashes on the world’s highest glacier.†7 However, in 1965 war broke out again. India accused Pakistan of infiltrating local insurgents into the Indian contr olled region and fermenting rebellion. In response India crossed the cease-fire line and occupied key defensive positions. Eventually another cease-fire saw them return to their original positions. In 1971, while a devastating civil war raged in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) Indian troops entered that country. That ignited the third India-Pakistan War. Although that war was not fought in the Kashmir directly one of its results was the â€Å"Simla agreement that turned the Line of control [cease-fire line] into their unofficial temporary border.†8 Since 1972 India and Pakistan have not fought another war although the border conflicts have persisted. Also, as noted earlier, the potential for catastrophic conflict increased significantly in... The province of Kashmir is located in India, on the border between India and Pakistan. It is the only state in India with a Muslim majority (67.2 percent). Consequently, it has been a point of hostility, endemic guerrilla warfare, and occasional conventional military clashes. Additionally, for the last few years the threat of nuclear conflagration has hung ominously over the province. Then events over the last decade, the current situation, will be examined. Finally, prospects for the future, specifically prospects for the resolution of the dispute will be considered. With an autonomous Kashmir a non-starter and India and Pakistan both firmly committed to controlling Kashmir rather than its partition, it is difficult to see that the dispute is any closer to a resolution today than it was a decade ago when Fathers described it as 'stumbling toward resolution'. On the positive side this dispute has simmered and occasionally flared up throughout the decade since both India and Pakistan revealed that they had nuclear capabilities without ever becoming an out and out declared war, let alone a nuclear exchange and it seems reasonable to assert that the conflict will continue to smolder without becoming grounds for a nuclear confrontation.

Position paper 7 see below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Position paper 7 see below - Essay Example The action to be taken should be determined by a court of law. Killing without trial is only allowed in incidences self-defense or as a necessity to save more lives. That said target killing of terrorists, in my opinion, is an immediate necessity executed with the aim of saving more lives. Therefore, the United States should be allowed to continue killing terrorist based on their intelligence. The benefit of targeted killing is that, unlike an arrest operation, there are fewer risks. For example, in U.S, targeted killing are mostly executed using an automated drone craft. According to Becker  and  Shane (2012), among the counterterrorism tactic applicable, targeted killing has proved to be the most effective in the prevention of terror attacks. A targeted killing meant to kill a leader of a terrorist organization disrupts terrorist organization’s plans to a point of collapsing. For example, killing the Gaza military commander, Salah Shehadeh, prevented six terror attacks he planned to execute in Israel. Base on the outcome of targeted killing Obama’s regime has embraced the tactic as the most effective approach to eradication Al-Qaeda and Taliban members Afghanistan-Pakistan border. However, United States need make targeted killing acceptable in other countries by justifying the tactic. For instance, United States should not engage enforcement operations in a foreign country without their knowledge. Doing so is a violation of peaceful relations and international norms (Taylor, 2013). The government should come up with a set of norms that support targeted killing but upholds and acknowledge the principles of peace. Additionally, the collateral damage that comes with targeted killing need to be considered. Regardless the fear of an attack plot advancing following delays to counterattack, consideration should be given to damage expected. The government need to form policies that validate all operations

Court cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court cases - Essay Example Frye v United States ruled on in 1933. In this case, Frye was convicted of 2nd degree murder. Attorneys for the defendant proposed an expert witness to testify as to results he discovered using a ‘deception test’, which is similar to modern day lie detector tests. The expert witness elaborated on how blood pressure is monitored by this device. The expert felt that scientific experiments showed that negative emotions, such as fear or anger, produces a rise in blood pressure. The expert then deduced that the same would occur for someone who is lying, since there would be a fear of detection of the lie. It was further reasoned that speaking truth would be natural, and so no emotion such as guilt or fear would enter the picture, and hence no rise in blood pressure. (FRYE V UNITED STATES) The Supreme Court ruled that there is a difference between (1) expert testimony gained through training and lengthy work experience in the field versus (2) expert testimony that is based on experimental research that has not yet gained solid scientific backing in the science community at large. As a result, the proposed testimony of the expert was not upheld as admissible evidence (FRYE V UNITED STATES). The ‘Frye Standard’ thus became a well known basis for future court cases to allow scientific techniques as admissible evidence only if it is already ‘generally accepted’ in the relevant scientific community. The second case is Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (DAUBERT V MERRELL DOW PHARMACEUTICALS, INC) Daubert was a 1993 product liability case where the Supreme Court had to determine what type of scientific evidence is admissible in court. Daubert sued Merrell Dow due to birth defects that occurred in two of their children. The mother was taking the drug Bendectin, which was manufactured by Merrill Dow. Science did not provide a direct link between the drug and any birth defects. Statistical data was proposed as an alternate solution, but

Report on manpower planning and barriers

Report on manpower planning and barriers This report aims to present the manpower planning which consisting estimating manpower, job analysis, recruitment, selection and training. Also, we will present barriers of implement of manpower planning and suggest solution to the barriers. Finally, we will structure a training session. Introduction Since the company not had consistency good finance results. All systems of the company are decided to upgrade, and each group company will have same package so the group can co0ordinate all the subsidiaries. We must improve the manpower planning 3.0 Manpower Planning The centrality of manpower in production process of corporate entities has long been acknowledged by organization managers and administrators. It is an on-going process (integrated approach), not a once and for all phenomenon. Its process involves interrelated activities and the plan must continue to be modified to meet prevailing circumstances. As a plan, it is embedded with implementation programmes designed to ensure availability of adequate qualified persons. Such implementation programmes include recruitment and selection (employment) of required skilled personnel to perform jobs that will allow the enterprise meet both the corporate and individual goals. The plan implementation programme also entails training and development of personnel and performance appraisal as well as other related personnel administration functions. The term Manpower Planning at organizational or corporate level is also known as micro-human resources planning and it has much to do with personnel management or personnel administration. The terms manpower, human resource, and personnel management or personnel administration refer to the same activities concerned with managing people at work. As such the terms can be used interchangeably. On this basis, Manpower Planning and Human Resources Planning are the same phenomenon. The main benefits or purposes of manpower planning are: (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To control labour costs and enhance efficiency by ensuring that only the most essential and required personnel are hired and retained (ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To increase productivity by matching people with jobs that truly exists and is adequate for them.   (iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide a lead time to recruit and train workers ahead of need.   Required skills are thus provided for in advance (iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To provide a basis for other plans, such as plans for facilities, desks and office accommodation, and assist in their formulation. (v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To anticipate and overcome redundancies.   The information provided about future manpower surpluses and redundancies in particular area could be used by management to plan a retraining programme for those who would be rendered redundant by changes in technology and company reorganization.   Such people can then be made available for jobs in which they are needed. (vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To show the implications of retirements and promotion plans in terms of management development and succession planning. 4.0 Manpower Process Estimating manpower Employment or Manpower planning is the process of deciding what positions the company will have to fill, and how to fill them. Manpower planning covers all future positions from maintenance clerk to CEO. However, most companies call the process of deciding how to fill companys most important executive jobs succession planning. Employment planning should be an integral part of a firms strategic and HR planning processes. Plans to enter new businesses, build new plants, or reduce costs all influence the types of positions the firm will need to fill. That also meant they needed plans for who to hire, how to screen applicants, and when to put the plans into place. One big question is whether to fill projected openings from within or from outside the firm. In other words, should we plan to fill positions with current employees or by recruiting from outside? Each option produces its own set of HR plans. Current employees may require training, development, and coaching before theyre ready to fill new jobs. Going outside requires a decisions about what recruiting sources to use, among other things. Job analysis Job analysis is the fundamental process that forms the basis of all human resource activities. In its simplest terms, job analysis is a systematic process for gathering, documenting and analyzing data about the work required for a job. The data collected in a job analysis, and reflected through a job description, includes a description of the context and principal duties of the job, and information about the skills, responsibilities, mental models and techniques for job analysis. These include the Position Analysis, Questionnaires, which focuses on generalized human behavior and interviews, task inventories, fundamental job analysis and the job element method. Job analysis is the procedure for identifying those duties or behaviors that define a job. Aside from verifying the fairness of selection procedures, job analysis is the foundation of virtually every other area of industrial psychology, including performance appraisal training and human factors. Additionally, job analysis is the basis of job evaluation, the procedure for setting salary scales. Information about jobs can be collected in a number of ways such as potential sources: observation, individual interview, group interview, technical conference, questionnaire, diary, critical incidents, equipment design information, recording of job activities, or employee records. Possible agents to do the collecting are professional job analysis, supervisors, job incumbents, or even a camera in the work place. Recruitment Recruitment is the process of identifying the prospective employees, stimulating and encouraging them to apply for a particular job or jobs in an organization. It is a positive action as it involves inviting people to apply. The purpose is to have an inventory of eligible persons from amongst whom proper selection of the most suitable person can be made. Before you think of inviting people to apply for a job you have to decide what types of persons are to be invited and what their characteristics should be. This calls for fixing the job specifications which may also be called man specifications. Job specification will be different for each job. Physical Specifications: For certain jobs some special features may be required. For example, for assembly of a TV set or some other electronic equipment good vision is required, for a typing job you need finger dexterity, for a heavy job you need a strong, heavy and thick-set body. The particular physical abilities and skills necessary for a given job have to be specified. These may refer to height, weight, vision, finger dexterity, voice, poise, hand and foot coordination, etc. Mental Specifications: These include intelligence, memory, judgment, ability-plan, ability to estimate, to read, to write, to think and concentrate, scientific faculties, arithmetical abilities, etc. Emotional and Social Specifications: These include characteristics which will affect his working with others, like personal appearance, manners, emotional stability, aggressiveness, or submissiveness, leadership, cooperativeness, skill in dealing with others, social adaptability, etc. Behavioural Specifications: Certain management personnel at higher levels of management are expected to behave in a particular manner. These are not formally listed but have to be kept in mind during the process of recruitment, selection and placement. Besides, there are two categories of sources of supply of manpower-Internal and External. Internal Sources: These include personnel already on the pay-roll of the organization as also those who were once on the pay-roll of the company but who plan to return, or whom the company, would like to rehire. These include those who quit voluntarily or those on production lay-offs. External Sources: These sources lie outside the organization, like the new entrants to the labour force without experience. These include college students, the unemployed with a wider range of skills and abilities, the retired experienced persons, and others not in the labour force, like married women. Selection Selection is the process of examining the applicants with regard to their suitability for the given job or jobs and choosing the best from the suitable candidates and rejecting the others. Thus, you will notice that this process is negative in nature in the sense that rejection of candidates involved. It is the process of securing relevant information about an applicant to evaluate his qualification, experience and other qualities with the view of matching with the requirement of a job. It is the process of picking out the man or men best suited for the organizations requirement. The selection process involves rejection of unsuitable or less suitable applicants. This may be done at any of the successive hurdles which an applicant must cross. These hurdles act as screens designed to eliminate an unqualified applicant at any point in the process. Those who qualify a hurdle go to the next one; those who do not qualify are dropped out. The complexity of the process usually increases with the level and responsibility of the position to be filled. Initial Screening or Preliminary Interview: This is a sorting process in which prospective applicants are given the necessary information about the nature of the job and also, necessary information is elicited from the candidates about their education, experience, skill, salary expectation etc. If the candidate is found to be suitable, he is selected for further process and, if not he is eliminated. Application Scrutiny: Different types of application forms are used by the organization for different types of positions/posts. Some forms are simple, general and easily answerable, while others may require elaborate, complex and detailed information. Sometimes applications are asked in plain sheet. Application forms are designed to serve as a highly effective preliminary screening device, particularly when applications are received in direct response to an advertisement and without any preliminary interview. In our organization the applications are used in two ways: to find out on the basis of information contained there in as to the chances of success of the candidate in the job for which he is applying, and to provide a starting point for the interview. Training Systematic training and development of organization employee is the foundation of efficient and effective utilization and productivity of corporate personnel. To be effective in meeting organization goals of efficiency and increased productivity, cost-effective in operations, training must not be conducted in ad hoc and haphazard manner. It should be a deliberate policy instrument designed to meet training needs of individuals, organization and a technologically changing environment of production. The training progremmes should be appropriate and adequate to solve corporate training needs arising from the requirements of newcomers, shortfalls in employee performance, organizational change and the individual workers expressed or observed needs. Training is a learning process which aim at helping employee to acquire basic skills required for efficient execution of the functions for which employee are hired; while development deals with activities undertaken to expose employees to be able to perform additional duties of managerial and administrative nature in the near future. Training efforts are geared toward acquisition of manipulative skills, technical knowledge, problem solving ability and attitudes. While development is designed to prepare employee to assume position of responsibility of supervisory and leadership natures. The two techniques of learning are usually planned by the organization to improve competence level of employee. The third learning method is the education method. 5.0 Example of Manpower Planning A large supply company in UK wants to improve and control the unit cost. The company had designed and implemented a radical manpower change to reduce staff numbers by 20%. They using manpower forecasting methods and projecting productivity growth, they were able to reduce the number employed form 6500 to 4500 and increase productivity by the required amount. Key tools used Manpower predictive forecasting and rightsizing. Supportive training was also designed and provided. Another example is building a new business from scratch for an American company in the UK. The company is a construction company. The company post advertisements and recruitment statements which have new terms and conditions written specifically for the UK market in newspaper. 1,300 people were test, screed and interview. After consideration and selection by the company, a number of people were hired. Training courses were designed and carried for successful applicants. 6.0 Problems, Barriers and solutions to Manpower Planning Manpower development is the core element of a business that helps to shape and lead the future of any organization through the use of its people. Successful manpower development could result in high production and long-term future growth for business. However overcoming these challenges means understanding the vision of the business and how to best forecast future events in manpower planning. Planning helps management with the right number and the right kind of people at the right place in business. Hiring the Right Fit The approach to developing manpower should include hiring a person who not only has the acquired skills necessary to perform the job but also is a good fit for the organization. Organizational fits are very challenging because the individual not only has to be qualified but they must be able to adapt and adopt the culture of the organization. Accepting organizational culture is critical, because it is often a determining factor in an employee remaining with the organization. Maintaining effective manpower is equally as important to recruiting right person for the job. Employee Turnover Plan of Action Employee turnover happens for various reasons and is inevitable in manpower development. Some of the causes are controllable factors, while many of them are hard to foresee. It is harder to identify or forecast the death of an employee or an illness that leaves an employee in an incapacitated state, because it can happen at any time. Developing a plan of action in manpower development that negates these factors can be difficult. Ensuring that the employee turnover does not impact the manpower in the out years of business is the biggest dilemma. Continuing Education With constant changes in technology, business professionals need to keep up-to-date by taking courses designed to improve their technical skills and knowledge. Programs such as the Microsoft Certified Professional certification provide comprehensive training, practice and testing opportunities to business professionals seeking to further their careers. Flexible alternatives such as web-based training, coaching and mentoring or recorded multimedia sessions enable busy professionals to train for an advanced role or even a career change. Leave/ Work Schedules Offering work schedules that stay abreast of workforce trends is challenging, because it requires research and understanding of the workforce needs. If leave policies or work schedules are too lenient, it could impact the production of business in a negative way. Rising Costs Global organizations face rising costs and need to plan effectively so we can efficiently recruit and hire the best manpower, both permanent and temporary. Fewer management layers and less support staff make it more difficult to provide new employees with the personalized attention they typically need to get started. Self-paced training courses that provide details about how to use company tools, such as email or accounting systems, often replace instructor-led classroom sessions. Workers may not have an office at the same location as their manager and rely on web conferencing software instead spending the extra time and expense to travel to a common location for meetings. Employees need training and tips on how to use these alternatives effectively. Changing Priorities Companies typically set strategic goals on an annual basis. Training programs should be aligned with strategic plans. For example, if company executives want to see an increase in customer satisfaction, training professionals should focus on identifying problems in providing customer support proficiently. Then, we can design training courses and career development opportunities that help employees learn the best techniques for troubleshooting problems and handling customer complaints skillfully. Once operational metrics improve, the focus may change to other areas, such as reducing product defects or eliminating waste. 7.0   Training Session Plan TRAINING SESSION PLAN COURSE: Approaches to manpower planning in a property orientated business SESSION: 2 COURSE OBJECTIVE: Give theoretical and practical approach to manpower planning with the industry LEARNING OUTCOMES: Improvement the manpower planning of the company DURATION: 4 hours EQUIPMENT: Computer, Projector, White Board and Marker Pens TIME ITEM AID INTRODUCTION 9.00 Background Course objectives Session objectives W/B TOPIC 1 9.15 Manpower Planning Estimating manpower, job analysis, Recruitment, Selection System, Training 10.30 Examples of the manpower planning of other companies 11.00 Break TOPIC 2 11.30 Barriers and solutions to the manpower planning summary and close 12.30 Review Topics The Training course is about four hours. We wil separate the course into two part by a short break. The first part will introduce the manpower planning and introduce some example of the manpower planning. After the break, we will talk about the barriers and solution to the manpower planning. Finally, we will have a review and questioning session. 8.0 Conclusion The manpower planning must introduce to the company to improve the situation of the company. Good planning can bring the company raise the income and increase efficiency output.

Arising of Magic Realism Through Allusions to the Bible and Tragedians

Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude, is a novel often associated with magic realism. Throughout the novel, the idea of magic realism is promoted through intertext examples of The Bible. Magic realism is defined as an artistic style in which magical elements or irrational scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or "normal" setting. The many intertextual examples throughout the work are alluded from outside sources such as the Bible and the tragedians of the Greeks and Romans. These allusions not only strengthen the novel, but further correlate them with the idea of magic realism. Magic realism, as defined by Wendy Faris, contains five key elements which must be present for this component to ring true in a piece of literature. The first key element is the novel contains â€Å"†¦something we cannot explain according to the laws of the universe as we know them† (Faris 167). Throughout the novel, several examples which make this constituent true are present. For example, when Jose Arcadia Buendia’s murder occurs and his blood runs through the streets to Ursula’s home, Marquez writes, â€Å"A trickle of blood came out under the door, crossed the living room, went out into the street, continued on in a straight line across the uneven terraces, went down steps and climbed up curbs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Marquez 144). In reality, as readers, it is known that blood cannot travel long distances or climb objects. Remedios the Beauty’s accession to Heaven is another form in which a particular scene cannot be explained by particular laws a s we know them. Marquez writes â€Å"Amaranta felt a mysterious trembling in the lace on her petticoats and she tried to grasp the sheet so that she would not fall down at the instant in which Remedi... ...n theme found throughout many fiction novels. According to Faris’ five key elements, this novel is indeed a tale of enchanting pragmatism. The novel’s intertextual examples developed by character similarities and actual events from the Bible and Greek mythology and tragedies are woven in the novel in such a way that the reader is oblivious to the fact that they truly exist. As the future scurries upon us, the theme of magic realism will continue to flourish many novels to come. Works Cited Access Bible, The. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Fitzgerald, Robert. Translator Homer. The Iliad. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 2007. Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York: Harper Perennial, 1998. Zamora, Louis Parkinson and Wendy Faris. Magical Realism: Theory, History,Community. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.

Branding Strategy Essay

Many companies opt for Multi Brand Strategy in order to generate economies of scale by using the basic advantages of the strategy. But it cannot be denied that Multi Brand Strategy can fail due to poor management and due to adoption of unprofitable business models. Multi Brand Strategy refers to a marketing strategy under which two or more than two similar products of a firm are marketed under Different Brand names. In most of the cases, these products are competing ones and are marketed under the Brand Names which are completely unrelated. Several companies take up this Multi Brand Strategy, as the strategy offers some advantages. First of all, by adopting Multi Brand Strategy,a company can obtain greater space in the market, where little space is left for the competitor business houses. Secondly, by promoting similar products under different Brand Names, a company can fill up the Price Gaps and Quality Gaps of the target market. In this way, the market can become saturated with the similar products of the same company. In every market, there are some customers who frequently change brands in order to experiment with products of different brands. By adopting the trick of Multi Brand Strategy, a company can serve effectively to these Brand Switchers. When a company undertakes Multi Brand Strategy, the managers of the company are bound to operate efficiently as internal competition is generated at a high degree. The decision of a company in adopting Multi Brand Strategy, depends on the success of the initial brand. If the initial brand becomes successful, then through franchising and retailing, a company can develop a second brand without generating much expense. The Franchises can promote both the primary and secondary brand through same advertisement. The marketing department of the company, can market the different multi brand products just in the way an agency works for multiple clients. All these advantages of Multi Brand Strategy can generate economies of scale. But, it should be mentioned here that, in spite of all the advantages of Multi Brand Strategy, there are risks too which can challenge the success of this kind of strategy. It has been observed that, in most of the cases, Multi Brand Strategy fail because of poor management and wrong choice of business model The disadvantages of brand extension strategies (1). Damage to the original brand image. When a certain type of product on the market ahead of the status, the brand has become a strong brand, in the minds of consumers will have a special image orientation, or even become a synonym for such products. This will be a strong brand extension, as proximate cause of (that is the last impression on people’s awareness of a more profound impact on the role of) the existence, it is possible to play a strong brand image consolidate or weaken the role. If the improper use of the brand extension, the original strong brand image represented by the information was weakening. 2).  Runs counter to consumer sentiment. A brand for the success of the process, the consumer is shaped by the corporate brand-specific functions, such as the quality of the psychological characteristics of specific targeting process. The strength of enterprises and brand extension to or incompatible with the original market has nothing to do with the products, on the contrary the psychological orientation of consumers. Such as â€Å"999† was originally Wei Yao in the well-known brands, â€Å"999† extend to beer, consumers will be difficult to accept. The brand extension of such misconduct, not only the effectiveness, but it will also affect the original strong consumer brands in the eyes of the specific psychological orientation. (3). Cixiaobichang easily form the â€Å"seesaw† phenomenon. When a name on behalf of two or more of a difference in the product, consumers will inevitably lead to fuzzy understanding of the products. When the extension of branded products in market competition at the absolute superiority, consumers will be the strength of the original brand positioning transferred to the psychological extension of the brand. Thus, in effect weakened the strength of the brand advantage. This extension of the strong brands and brand competition Cixiaobichang situation changes, that is, â€Å"seesaw† phenomenon. (4). Implicate effect. Will crown a strong brand name in other products, if different products in quality, level on the difference between the poor, which makes the strong brand name products and brand extensions have an impact, not only damaged the extension of brand name products, but also implicate the strong brand. 5). Dilute brand identity. When a brand on the market after the success in the eyes of consumers will have a special image orientation, attention also focused on the consumer to the product’s function, quality and other characteristics on. If enterprises use the same brand launch function, is almost the same quality of similar products so that consumers fainted the first shift, the brand identity will be diluted.

Responsibilities of the Modern Media

Responsibilities of the Modern Media Free Online Research Papers Freedom of the media carries with it certain responsibilities of honesty, fairness, accuracy and accountability. In this essay I will discuss issues relating to media responsibility today. The media are responsible for the majority of the observations and experiences from which we build up our personal understanding of the world and how it works. Much of our view of reality is based on media messages that have been pre-constructed and have attitudes, interpretations and conclusions already built in. The media, to a great extent, give us our sense of reality. Without mass media, openness and accountability are impossible in contemporary democracies. Freedom of the media carries with it certain responsibilities of honesty, fairness, accuracy and accountability. The power of the media to create and destroy human values comes with great responsibility. Such power ought not to be in the hands of a few. In this essay I will attempt to define the meaning of responsibility, and will discuss the power and various responsibilities of the media. I will then proceed to address hate speech and it’s consequences and then examine the various problems regarding media ownership when in the hands of a few. I will conclude with a discussion regarding our role as socially responsible citizens to take a stand for what we expect from the media. The media are a centre of power in the political system, having great influence on politics and on forming social change. Television can greatly influence the election of a national leader on the basis of image. The power is the power to decide who will communicate what to whom. Today even those who loathe the media must use the media. The Taliban, to take an extreme example, banned television, photographs and computers but now use what they called ‘tools of the devil’ to refocus world attention on the war in Afghanistan. The media’s main impact is psychological and intellectual. Media and entertainment companies shape public opinion and help frame the terms of public debate. The media is what we read, listen to and watch. In parallel, through its close relationship with advertisers, the media also exerts a powerful influence on the decisions we make, the products we buy, and the sort of questions we ask when we make our everyday choices. (sustainability.com/publications/engaging/good-news-and-bad.asp) The long view of history proves medias power by showing that the medium itself, in the long run, is more powerful than the messages it carries, because the medium determines what can be communicated and how we think about that communication. (Gibbons ;2000,10) Responsibility. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word responsible (adj) as having an obligation to do something, as part of ones job or role:or having control over or care for someone, liable to be called to account (to a person or for a thing). To be accountable, answerable, to blame, blameworthy, at fault, guilty, culpable. While responsibility (n) is defined as the state or fact of being responsible, the ability to act independently and make decisions,the state of being answerable for ones performance according to the terms of reference of the Code of Professional Conduct. Socially, peoples responsibilities are those things for which they are accountable; failure to discharge a responsibility renders one liable to some censure or penalty as part of a job, or profession, or social role . According to Paul Ricoeur responsibility is tied to ethical identity, both at the individual and at the community level. Ethical identity, for its part, is born of tradition, critical and normative thought, and the capacity to exercise sensitive judgement in the manner of Aristotles Phronesis . It is because such an identity can be attested to by ethical subjects and communities that responsibility can be imputed to them and should be accepted and honoured by them. (Ricoeur,2000,p27) Social Responsibility Maintaining that the press plays an important role in the development and stability of modern society, advocates of Social Responsibility press theory believe it imperative that a commitment of social responsibility be imposed on mass media ( Merrill, 1974). In their eyes, the press has a moral obligation to consider the overall needs of society when making journalistic decisions that will produce the greatest good or the greatest number. Moreover, this utilitarian goal can be accomplished only through a concerted effort to further various ethical ideals agreed upon by all concerned with this improvement of society. To allow unchanneled and uncontrolled distribution of ideas and information supported by the libertarian press notion was considered neither responsible nor beneficial to society and could not be considered ethical. (Lloyd ;1991:6) Professional journalists do have a code of ethics. Journalists make judgments about whats safe and appropriate to report which often involves difficult choices. Let us consider the journalists share of responsibility for the consequences of their reporting? German sociologist Max Weber distinguishes between an ethics of conviction and an ethics of responsibility. According to the latter, journalists must take into account the foreseeable consequences of their reporting, the impact on society. The ethics of conviction on the other hand posits that journalists have an absolute duty to tell the truth, regardless of the consequences. War journalism tends to regard this mission to reveal the truth as a sufficient condition for ethical reporting, although according to Weber both ethics are complementary rather than opposites. (erc.org.au/issues/text/rw03.htm) The underlying assumption of social responsibility is that moral and ethical commandments dictate journalistic excellence (even if authoritarian control is needed to uphold such laws) instead of the individual reasoned choices of reporters and editors. (Lloyd; 1991;6) Trust. For a multi media company, trust is a keyword. It is essential to have mutual trust with readers, viewers and listeners, as well as employees, owners and society at large. One does not gain trust without taking responsibility. For Media companies it is of vital importance to be identified as being ethical and responsible. The publics right to know of events of public importance and interest is the overriding mission of the mass media. The purpose of distributing news and enlightened opinion is to serve the general welfare. Journalists who use their professional status as representatives of the public for selfish or other unworthy motives violate a high trust. Freedom of the press is to be guarded as an inalienable right of people in a free society. It carries with it the freedom and the responsibility to discuss, question, and challenge actions and utterances of our government and of our public and private institutions. Journalists uphold the right to speak unpopular opinions and the privilege to agree with the majority. Their social responsibilities to the public are paramount. That is the nature of their profession. (Knowlton;1995;5) Hate speech. No issue is more problematic for those concerned with media freedom and responsibility than the issue of hate speech. The term is generally used to refer to advocacy of national, racial, religious or other hatred. The issue, in essence, is how far it is proper or acceptable to limit the right to freedom of expression, when the views being expressed support the limitation or infringement of the rights of others. These issues become even more acute in a country with a history of communal or -5- ethnic violence, where the media are known to have played a role in fanning hostilities. In 1946, the judges at Nuremberg found Julius Streicher, the Nazi publisher of Der Sturmer, guilty of inciting of the population to abuse, maltreat and slay their fellow citizens, to stir up passion, hate, violence and destruction among the people themselves aims at breaking the moral backbone even of those the invader chooses to spare. The judges sentenced him to death because his incitement to murder and extermination at the time when Jews in the East were being killed under the most horrible conditions clearly constitutes persecution on political and racial grounds and (therefore) a Crime against Humanity. Forty- seven years later, in Dec. 2003, in a landmark verdict, the war crimes tribunal for Rwanda convicted three media figures of genocide for inciting people to take part in the wave of killing that swept across Rwanda in 1994. The defendants were found guilty for their use of a popular radio station and a newspaper to inflame hatred against the country’s Tutsi minority and to direct and encourage the campaign of slaughter. The lesson in the conviction of the three is that social responsibility is at the root of journalistic practice. In an interview with The New York Times, Stephen Rapp, the senior prosecutor on the case, said A key question will be what kind of speech is protected and where the limits lie. It is important to draw that line. We hope the judgment will give the world some guidance. He also noted that in terms of international legal standards there has been no decision since Nuremberg. â€Å"Those who control the media are accountable for its consequences ,† the Arusha, Tanzania, based international court said before handing down the convictions. (crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-rwanda.html) In my opinion the media should not cooperate with hate-mongers by providing them an uncontrolled platform for disseminating their ideas. This is not to say that the media should fail to report about the conduct of hate mongers. Instead, the media coverage of hate speech should be cautious and sensitive to the interests of the group under attack, and above all be ‘responsible.’ Owners Without a doubt information is power, and the big owners of the main medium to get information to the people, the mainstream media, are very powerful people. Therefore we may well ask how can there be credible democratic discourse in any country when the major public information channels, television and newspapers, are owned or controlled by a handful of individuals accountable only to themselves? Interestingly, for Karl Marx, the mass media was simply an instrument of bourgeois control over the proletariat, a part of the overall superstructure of society, along with religion, the family and education. Whether one agrees with Marxs political dimension or not, what is clear is that Marxism presents to us an extremely useful model in which to study the mass media today. Though Marx was writing at a time when the main organs of mass media wouldve essentially meant newspapers and books, Marxist analysis can be applied to todays media: the mass media, a privatized means of production, is there to replicate capitalist ideology and to promote a false consciousness amongst the working class. (marxists.org/glossary/index.htm) Television and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, and internet sites are, largely, owned and controlled by profit-making businesses. Since it is the bourgeoisie who control the media, it is only natural that it is their ideas get promoted through both things like advertising and the actual media products themselves movies, soap opera, tabloid newspapers, consumer magazines and so on. The case for imposing limits on media ownership is based solely on democratic, social and journalistic concerns. The media have a social responsibility that makes them unlike other commercial activities. As such, freedom of the press is not just the proprietary right of owners to do as they see fit. It is a right of the Australian people. (presscampaign.org/proposals.htm) The current level of ownership concentration here in Australia continues to be one of the highest in the world. Rupert Murdoch, the worlds most powerful media mogul, already decides whats fit to print in Adelaide, Brisbane and many regional cities, where he owns the only newspaper. In Melbourne and Sydney he dominates the newspaper market and he owns the only national daily, The Australian . Kerry Packer is Australias richest, most powerful businessman, and owns the dominant Nine TV network as well as a large stable of news, womens and other magazines. Companies run by the two media moguls and their sons, James Packer and Lachlan Murdoch, are also equal shareholders in the pay-TV group Foxtel (wsws.org/articles/1999/mar1999/aba-m18.shtml) The film Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch’s War on Journalism , a recently released documentary about the Fox News channel in the US, exposes the methods and props used by the Fox Network to mold the news. It also displays the influence these methods have had on the major media groups. Fox News claims to be Fair and balanced but in reality is anything but. For the first time ever, this documentary reveals the secrets of former Fox News producers, reporters, bookers and writers who expose what its like to work for Fox News. These former Fox employees talk about how they were forced to push a right-wing point of view or risk their jobs. Some have even chosen to remain anonymous in order to protect their current livelihoods. As one employee said, Theres no sense of integrity as far as having a line that cant be crossed. The film demonstrataes the impact on society when a broad swath of media is controlled by one person. (disinfo.com/site/) An Australian media without a strong, independent ABC and an independently-owned Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and The Australian Financial Review would no longer be a free media. It would be controlled by powerful political and business players, and they will decide what’s fit to read, what stories to publish, and what opinions to disseminate. (xmedia.org.au/index.php?option=contenttask=viewid=28Itemid=) The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, through programs such as Media Watch, Frontline and the Media Report, has contributed much. The effect has been to raise public awareness of the processes of journalism. (unimelb.edu.au/speeches/pchadwick99nov17.html) In addition Four Corners has carved a long and proud tradition of investigative journalism, exposing corruption in high places and peering into neglected corners of society.(abc.net.au/4corners/4c40/essays/ricketson.htm) To conclude, the largest transmitter of information today is the mass media. Here a mere fraction of a percent of the western world population decides what the rest of the world is to know and not to know. Technological advances continue to increase the power of the media to effect cultural change, manipulate public opinion and influence government policy. I dont want to censor the media I just want them to understand their power to influence minds and use it responsibly. The greater the power, the greater the responsibility. The core problem is that most journalists are employees, not autonomous professionals like, say, a barrister. The main issue for truth in reporting is advertisers or media owners putting pressure on editors and journalists to publish or hold stories. Unfortunately journalists don’t always control the end product of their work as published or broadcast. Regrettably the majority of the key decision-makers in media organisations (such as the owners), the people who really wield power and from whom responsibility should be extracted, are not subject to any ethical codes or enforcement system (alliance.org.au/work/aja/ethics/ethics1.html) Private media ownership; the mass media conglomerate,a concentration of media ownership in too few hands is a danger to society. This can constitute a threat to democracy itself, where major political parties are almost held to ransom by media proprietors, who can wield enormous power through their ability to manipulate the opinion of the electorate, should they choose to do so. It is my view that such power and responsibility should never be left in the hands of a few. The public need a wide range of contrasting perspectives from the media, not simply the opinions of a handful of conglomerates and their owners. Working journalists in the monopolized television and newspaper media must know that, where there is conflict between the principles of public interest journalism and the direction set by ownership, there is a channel of appeal where professional standards reign. For this reason there need to be rules which media owners respect and accept. We need rules to prevent one company from having too much control over the media content. We must have reliable systems developed which ensure a diversity of media ownership, so that competition within the media stimulates a wide range of perspectives on public policy issues and acts as a check on the political power of the media magnates .(transparency.org/sourcebook/14.html) Finally, I believe it is our responsibility as concerned citizens to make sure we are not merely passive viewers, readers or listeners, after all we are also voters and consumers. Together we can wield a huge influence on the media by playing an active part in improving the output of all our media services by making our views known where it counts. Each of us has a responsibility to reject any obvious biases and take a stand for what we expect from the media by demanding equal representation of issues and political candidates. Nowadays we have the Internet to assist democracy by giving a voice to every citizen in every library, every office and every home. Complaints processes exist for anyone wanting to complain about something they have watched, heard or read in a variety of media. This includes complaints in relation to television or radio content; advertising; online content; film, videos and literature; and the print media. It is important for our society that the media and their owners are accountable. It is up to every one of us to closely follow the critical issues of the day, monitor the performance of the media and, through grassroots activism, use our powers of purchase and persuasion to expose media bias and fraud; bring pressure to bear for media reform; and when faced with cases of continued bias, inaccuracy or unfairness, make our objections heard and direct others toward more reliable and responsible new sources. References Gibbons J R Eldon Hieberet 2000 Exploring Mass Media for a Changing World Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, NJ. p10 Knowlton S. R Parsons P.R. 1995 The Journalists Moral Compass: Basic Principles. Praeger Publishers Westport, CT. p5 Lloyd Scott, 1991 A Criticism of Social Responsibility Theory: an Ethical Perspective Journal of Mass Media Ethics, Vol. 6. Ricoeur Paul 2000 The Just, The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London; p25 Electronic References Edmund Rice Centre Accessed October 2004. Available at: [erc.org.au/issues/text/rw03.htm] Crimes of War Project Dworkin Andrew December 2003 Accessed October 2004. Available at: [crimesofwar.org/onnews/news-rwanda.html] Encyclopedia of Marxism Accessed October 2004, Available at: [marxists.org/glossary/index.htm] The Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom Media Reform Accessed October 2004 Available at: [presscampaign.org/proposals.htm] World Socialist Website Head Mike 18th March, 1999. Accessed October 2004. Available at: [wsws.org/articles/1999/mar1999/aba-m18.shtml] Disinformation Accessed October 2004. Available at: [wsws.org/articles/1999/mar1999/aba-m18.shtml] -12- XMedia .org.au The Cross-Media Ownership Campaign Accessed October 2004. Available at: [xmedia.org.au/index.php?option=contenttask=viewid=28Itemid=] University of Melbourne Chadwick Paul Nov. 1999 Accessed October 2004. Available at: [unimelb.edu.au/speeches/pchadwick99nov17.html] ABC Australia Four Corners Ricketson Matthew 20th August, 2001 The importance of investigative journalism of journalism. Accessed October 2004. Available at: [abc.net.au/4corners/4c40/essays/ricketson.htm] Ethics Review Committee Final Report November 1996 Accessed October 2004. Available at: [alliance.org.au/work/aja/ethics/ethics1.html] Transparency International White Theodore An Independent and Free Media Accessed October, 2004. Available at: [transparency.org/sourcebook/14.html] Research Papers on Responsibilities of the Modern MediaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionPETSTEL analysis of India

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